Abstract. Small spacecraft, especially CubeSat-type nanosatellites, often face the problem of maintaining an energy balance due to their limited size and low power sources. The main advantages of such spacecraft are their relatively low cost, rapid development, and suitability for conducting scientific research and technological experiments. However, their small size and mass impose strict limitations on the power supply system. In this regard, efficient use of energy is considered one of the main engineering tasks in the design and operation of small satellites. This article analyzes modern methods for reducing the energy consumption of payloads and onboard control complexes of small satellites operating in low Earth orbit. First, the structural features of small spacecraft, their main systems, and their energy balance are considered. In addition, the main factors affecting the structure of energy consumption are analyzed, including orbital conditions, the efficiency of solar panels, and the characteristics of battery systems. Then, methods for saving energy in payloads such as optical cameras, radio communication modules, and various scientific sensors are described. These methods include the use of efficient data processing algorithms, periodic activation of devices, the use of low-power operating modes, and the introduction of energy-efficient electronic components. Energy-efficient architectures of onboard control systems, as well as the possibilities of using microcontrollers and specialized processors, are also considered. The latest technological innovations in power supply systems, intelligent energy management algorithms, and dynamic power distribution methods are discussed. Based on data from real CubeSat projects, practical examples of energy optimization are presented. In addition, comparative tables are used to analyze the characteristics of various technical solutions and to propose recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of small satellites in the future.

Keywords: small spacecraft, CubeSat, energy consumption optimization, payload, onboard control system, electrical power system, energy efficiency, low Earth orbit.